Map courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, will be replacing with my own map soon.
Age: 3700-1800 BCE (Eneolithic) |
Associated Populations: Ancient North Eurasians, Neolithic West Siberians, Neolithic Iranians, Neolithic Anatolians, BMAC Population |
Associated Cultures: Geoksyur (3500-2800 BCE), Sarazm (3500-1800 BCE), Parkhai (3700-2040 BCE) |
Associated Maternal Haplogroups: Geoksyur: I1b, I1, J, J1d6, J1d4, J1b1a1, HV, HV12b1, HV13b, H1bm, HI1c1, U, U7a, R2, T2g1b Sarazm: J1d Parkhai: HV13b, HV2a |
Associated Sites: Geoksyur, Sarazm, Parkhai |
Associated Paternal Haplogroups: Geoksyur: CT, R, Q, J, J1 Parkhai: G |
Geoksyur was a settlement in Southeastern Turkmenistan during the Eneolithic era. Geoksyur architecture was constructed using mud bricks; houses were constructed adjacent to courtyards and contained ritual spaces and hearth altarts. The Geoksyur assemblage includes ceramics decorated with various shapes in red and black paint, and terracotta figurines (primarily of females). The settlement was abandoned at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.
The Geoksyur population was modeled in two studies: Zhang, Ning, Scott, et al. and Narasimham et al..
The Geoksyur population was modeled by Narasimhan et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 13% Neolithic Anatolian, 76% Neolithic Iranian, and 11% Neolithic West Siberian).
The Geoksyur population was modeled by Zhang et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Ancient North Eurasians (specifically 32% Neolithic Anatolian, 50% Neolithic Iranian, and 18% ANE). Alternatively, Zhang et al. modeled the Geoksyur population in a manner more similar to the Narasimhan model, using Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 27% Neolithic Anatolian, 55% Neolithic Iranian, and 18% Neolithic West Siberian)
While the specificities of these models vary, the Geoksyur culture can be characterized as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Iranians, Neolithic Anatolians, and Siberian populations rich in ANE ancestry (or ANE itself).
Sarazm was a site located in Tajikistan with evidence of both agriculture and pastoralism. The earlier phases of the site can be conceived as an expansion of the Geoksyur culture, with similar materials. Some Afanasievo-like burials were also present at the site.
The Sarazm population was modeled in two studies: Zhang, Ning, Scott, et al. and Narasimham et al..
The Sarazm population was modeled by Narasimhan et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 10% Neolithic Anatolian, 76% Neolithic Iranian, and 14% Neolithic West Siberian).
The Sarazm population was modeled by Zhang et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Ancient North Eurasians (specifically 20% Neolithic Anatolian, 55% Neolithic Iranian, and 25% ANE). Alternatively, Zhang et al. modeled the Sarazm population in a manner more similar to the Narasimhan model, using Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 13% Neolithic Anatolian, 57% Neolithic Iranian, and 30% Neolithic West Siberian).
While the specificities of these models vary, the Sarazm culture, like the Geoksyur culture, can be characterized as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Iranians, Neolithic Anatolians, and Siberian populations rich in ANE ancestry (or ANE itself).
Parkhai was an Eneolithic burial mound located in southwestern Turkmenistan. The funerary rites and assemblage, such as Gray Ware, are distinct from those of adjacent Eneolithic cultures.
The Parkhai population was modeled in two studies: Zhang, Ning, Scott, et al. and Narasimham et al..
The Parkahi population was modeled by Narasimhan et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 21% Neolithic Anatolian, 63% Neolithic Iranian, and 17% Neolithic West Siberian).
The Parkhai population was modeled by Zhang et al. as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Ancient North Eurasians (specifically 20% Anatolian, 70% Iranian, and 10% ANE). Alternatively, Zhang et al. modeled the Geoksyur population in a manner more similar to the Narasimhan model, using Neolithic Anatolians, Neolithic Iranians, and Neolithic West Siberians (specifically 21% Neolithic Anatolian, 69% Neolithic Iranian, and 10% Neolithic West Siberian)
While the specificities of these models vary, the Parkhai culture, like the aforementioned cultures, can be characterized as a three-way mixture between Neolithic Iranians, Neolithic Anatolians, and Siberian populations rich in ANE ancestry (or ANE itself).
Sources
Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A. et al. Supplementary Data 1
Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A. et al. Supplementary Data 2